This is a List of national leaders, showing heads of state and heads of government where different, mainly in parliamentary systems; it should be noted that often a leader is both in presidential systems or dictatorships. Some states have semi-presidential systems where the head of government role is fulfilled by both the listed head of government and the head of state.
| Country | Head of state | Head of government |
|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | Hamid Karzai | |
| Albania | Alfred Moisiu | Fatos Nano |
| Algeria | Abdelaziz Bouteflika | Ahmed Ouyahia |
| Andorra | Joan Enric Vives Sicília (represented by Nemesi Marqués Oste) and Jacques Chirac (represented by Philippe Massoni) | Marc Forné Molné |
| Angola | José Eduardo dos Santos | Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir James Carlisle | Baldwin Spencer |
| Argentina | Néstor Kirchner | |
| Armenia | Robert Kocharyan | Andranik Markaryan |
| Australia | Elizabeth II, represented by Michael Jeffery | John Howard |
| Austria | Heinz Fischer | Wolfgang Schüssel |
| Azerbaijan | Ilham Aliyev | Artur Rasizade |
| Bahamas | Elizabeth II, represented by Dame Ivy Dumont | Perry Christie |
| Bahrain | Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah | Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah |
| Bangladesh | Iajuddin Ahmed | Khaleda Zia |
| Barbados | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir Clifford Husbands | Owen Arthur |
| Belarus | Alexander Lukashenko | Sergey Sidorsky |
| Belgium | Albert II | Guy Verhofstadt |
| Belize | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir Colville Young | Said Musa |
| Benin | Mathieu Kérékou | |
| Bhutan | Jigme Singye Wangchuck | Lyonpo Yeshey Zimba |
| Bolivia | Carlos Mesa | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Sulejman Tihić (President of the Presidency), Borislav Paravac, Dragan Čović | Adnan Terzić |
| Botswana | Festus Mogae | |
| Brazil | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | |
| Brunei | Hassanal Bolkiah | |
| Bulgaria | Georgi Purvanov | Simeon Sakskoburggotski |
| Burkina Faso | Blaise Compaoré | Ernest Paramanga Yonli |
| Burundi | Domitien Ndayizeye | |
| Cambodia | Norodom Sihanouk (in Beijing exile) | Samdech Hun Sen |
| Cameroon | Paul Biya | Peter Mafany Musonge |
| Canada | Elizabeth II, represented by Adrienne Clarkson | Paul Martin |
| Cape Verde | Pedro Pires | José Maria Neves |
| Central African Republic | François Bozizé | Célestin Gaombalet |
| Chad | Idriss Déby | Moussa Faki |
| Chile | Ricardo Lagos | |
| China (PRC) | Hu Jintao | Wen Jiabao |
| Colombia | Álvaro Uribe | |
| Comoros | Azali Assoumani | |
| Congo (Brazzaville) | Denis Sassou-Nguesso | |
| Congo (Kinshasa) | Joseph Kabila | |
| Costa Rica | Abel Pacheco | |
| Côte d'Ivoire | Laurent Gbagbo | Seydou Diarra |
| Croatia | Stjepan Mesic | Ivo Sanader |
| Cuba | Fidel Castro | |
| Cyprus | Tassos Papadopoulos | |
| Czech Republic | Václav Klaus | Stanislav Gross |
| Denmark | Margrethe II | Anders Fogh Rasmussen |
| Djibouti | Ismael Omar Guelleh | Dileita Mohamed Dileita |
| Dominica | Nicholas Liverpool | Roosevelt Skerrit |
| Dominican Republic | Leonel Fernández | |
| East Timor | Xanana Gusmăo | Marí Alkatiri |
| Ecuador | Lucio Gutiérrez | |
| Egypt | Hosni Mubarak | Ahmed Nazif |
| El Salvador | Antonio Saca | |
| Equatorial Guinea | Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo | Miguel Abia Biteo Borico |
| Eritrea | Isaias Afewerki | |
| Estonia | Arnold Rüütel | Juhan Parts |
| Ethiopia | Girma Wolde-Giorgis | Meles Zenawi |
| Fiji | Josefa Iloilo | Laisenia Qarase |
| Finland | Tarja Halonen | Matti Vanhanen |
| France | Jacques Chirac | Jean-Pierre Raffarin |
| Gabon | Omar Bongo | Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane |
| Gambia | Yahya Jammeh | |
| Georgia | Mikhail Saakashvili | Zurab Zhvania |
| Germany | Horst Köhler | Gerhard Schröder |
| Ghana | John Kufuor | |
| Greece | Costis Stephanopoulos | Costas Caramanlis |
| Grenada | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir Daniel Williams | Keith Mitchell |
| Guatemala | Óscar Berger | |
| Guinea | Lansana Conté | |
| Guinea-Bissau | Henrique Rosa | Carlos Gomes Júnior |
| Guyana | Bharrat Jagdeo | Sam Hinds |
| Haiti | Boniface Alexandre | Gérard Latortue |
| Honduras | Ricardo Maduro | |
| Hungary | Ferenc Mádl | (Ferenc Gyurcsány acting for Péter Medgyessy) |
| Iceland | Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson | Davíđ Oddsson |
| India | A.P.J. Abdul Kalam | Manmohan Singh |
| Indonesia | Megawati Sukarnoputri | |
| Iran | Ali Khamenei (Rahbar - "leader"); Mohammad Khatami (president) | |
| Iraq | Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer | Iyad Allawi |
| Ireland | Mary McAleese | Bertie Ahern |
| Israel | Moshe Katsav | Ariel Sharon |
| Italy | Carlo Azeglio Ciampi | Silvio Berlusconi |
| Jamaica | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir Howard Cooke | Percival Patterson |
| Japan | Akihito | Junichiro Koizumi |
| Jordan | Abdullah II | Faisal al-Fayez |
| Kazakhstan | Nursultan Nazarbayev | Daniyal Akhmetov |
| Kenya | Mwai Kibaki | |
| Kiribati | Anote Tong | |
| Korea (DPRK) | Kim Yong Nam (Head of State for Foreign Affairs); Kim Jong Il (highest administrative authority) | Pak Pong Ju |
| Korea (ROK) | Roh Moo Hyun | Lee Hai Chan |
| Kuwait | Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah | Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah |
| Kyrgyzstan | Askar Akayev | Nikolai Tanayev |
| Laos | Khamtai Siphandon | Boungnang Vorachith |
| Latvia | Vaira Vike-Freiberga | Indulis Emsis |
| Lebanon | Émile Lahoud | Rafiq Hariri |
| Lesotho | Letsie III | Pakalitha Mosisili |
| Liberia | Gyude Bryant | |
| Libya | Mu'ammar Al Qathafi (de facto); Zentani Muhammad az-Zentani (de jure) | Shukri Ghanem |
| Liechtenstein | Hans-Adam II (titular Sovereign Prince); Prince Alois (de facto head of state) | Otmar Hasler |
| Lithuania | Valdas Adamkus | Algirdas Brazauskas |
| Luxembourg | Henri | Jean-Claude Juncker |
| Republic of Macedonia | Branko Crvenkovski | Hari Kostov |
| Madagascar | Marc Ravalomanana | Jacques Sylla |
| Malawi | Bingu wa Mutharika | |
| Malaysia | Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi |
| Maldives | Maumoon Abdul Gayoom | |
| Mali | Amadou Toumani Touré | Ousmane Issoufi Maďga |
| Malta | Eddie Fenech Adami | Lawrence Gonzi |
| Marshall Islands | Kessai Note | |
| Mauritania | Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya | Sghair Ould M'bareck |
| Mauritius | Anerood Jugnauth | Paul Bérenger |
| Mexico | Vicente Fox | |
| Micronesia | Joseph Urusemal | |
| Moldova | Vladimir Voronin | Vasile Tarlev |
| Monaco | Rainier III | Patrick Leclercq |
| Mongolia | Natsagiyn Bagabandi | Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj |
| Morocco | Mohammed VI | Driss Jettou |
| Mozambique | Joaquim Chissano | Luisa Diogo |
| Myanmar | Than Shwe | Khin Nyunt |
| Namibia | Sam Nujoma | Theo-Ben Gurirab |
| Nauru | Ludwig Scotty | |
| Nepal | Gyanendra | Sher Bahadur Deuba |
| Netherlands | Beatrix | Jan Peter Balkenende |
| New Zealand | Elizabeth II, represented by Dame Silvia Cartwright | Helen Clark |
| Nicaragua | Enrique Bolańos | |
| Niger | Tandja Mamadou | Hama Amadou |
| Nigeria | Olusegun Obasanjo | |
| Norway | Harald V | Kjell Magne Bondevik |
| Oman | Qaboos ibn Sa'id Al Sa'id | |
| Pakistan | Pervez Musharraf | Shaukat Aziz |
| Palau | Tommy Remengesau | |
| Panama | Martín Torrijos | |
| Papua New Guinea | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir Paulias Matane | Sir Michael Somare |
| Paraguay | Nicanor Duarte | |
| Peru | Alejandro Toledo | Carlos Ferrero |
| Philippines | Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo | |
| Poland | Aleksander Kwaśniewski | Marek Belka |
| Portugal | Jorge Sampaio | Pedro Santana Lopes |
| Qatar | Hamad ibn Khalifah Al Thani | Abdallah ibn Khalifah Al Thani |
| Romania | Ion Iliescu | Adrian Nastase |
| Russia | Vladimir Putin | Mikhail Fradkov |
| Rwanda | Paul Kagame | Bernard Makuza |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir Cuthbert Sebastian | Denzil Douglas |
| St. Lucia | Elizabeth II, represented by Dame Pearlette Louisy | Kenny Anthony |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | Elizabeth II, represented by Sir Frederick Ballantyne | Ralph Gonsalves |
| Samoa | Malietoa Tanumafili II | Tuila'epa Sailele Malielegaoi |
| San Marino | Paolo Bollini and Marino Riccardi | |
| Săo Tomé and Príncipe | Fradique de Menezes | Maria das Neves |
| Saudi Arabia | Fahd | Fahd (de jure), Abdullah (de facto) |
| Senegal | Abdoulaye Wade | Macky Sall |
| Serbia and Montenegro | Svetozar Marović | |
| Seychelles | James Michel | |
| Sierra Leone | Ahmad Tejan Kabbah | |
| Singapore | S.R. Nathan | Lee Hsien Loong |
| Slovakia | Ivan Gaparovič | Mikuláš Dzurinda |
| Slovenia | Janez Drnovšek | Anton Rop |
| Solomon Islands | Elizabeth II, represented by Nathaniel Waena | Allan Kemakeza |
| Somalia | Abdulkassim Salat Hassan (de jure) | Muhammad Abdi Yusuf (de jure) |
| South Africa | Thabo Mbeki | |
| Spain | Juan Carlos I | José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero |
| Sri Lanka | Chandrika Kumaratunga | Mahinda Rajapakse |
| Sudan | Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir | |
| Suriname | Ronald Venetiaan | Jules Ajodhia |
| Swaziland | Mswati III | Themba Dlamini |
| Sweden | Carl XVI Gustav | Göran Persson |
| Switzerland | Moritz Leuenberger, Pascal Couchepin, Joseph Deiss (President), Samuel Schmid, Micheline Calmy-Rey, Christoph Blocher, Hans-Rudolf Merz | |
| Syria | Bashar al-Assad | Mohammed Naji al-Otari |
| Taiwan (ROC) | Chen Shui-bian | Yu Shyi-kun |
| Tajikistan | Emomali Rahmonov | Okil Okilov |
| Tanzania | Benjamin Mkapa | Frederick Sumaye |
| Thailand | Bhumibol Adulyadej | Thaksin Shinawatra |
| Togo | Gnassingbé Eyadéma | Koffi Sama |
| Tonga | Taufa'ahau Tupou IV | 'Ulukalala Lavaka Ata |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Maxwell Richards | Patrick Manning |
| Tunisia | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | Mohamed Ghannouchi |
| Turkey | Ahmet Necdet Sezer | Recep Tayyip Erdogan |
| Turkmenistan | Saparmurat Niyazov | |
| Tuvalu | Elizabeth II, represented by Faimalaga Luka | Maatia Toafa |
| Uganda | Yoweri Museveni | Apolo Nsibambi |
| Ukraine | Leonid Kuchma | Viktor Yanukovych |
| United Arab Emirates | Zayed ibn Sultan Al Nahayan | Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum |
| United Kingdom | Elizabeth II | Tony Blair |
| United States | George W. Bush | |
| Uruguay | Jorge Batlle | |
| Uzbekistan | Islam Karimov | Shavkat Mirziyayev |
| Vanuatu | Kalkot Mataskelekele | Serge Vohor |
| Vatican City | John Paul II | Angelo Cardinal Sodano |
| Venezuela | Hugo Chávez | |
| Vietnam | Tran Duc Luong | Phan Van Khai |
| Yemen | Ali Abdullah Saleh | Abdul Qadir Bajamal |
| Zambia | Levy Mwanawasa | |
| Zimbabwe | Robert Mugabe | |