The Earl of Beaconsfield</font></caption>

Periods in Office:	February, 1868 - December, 1868 February, 1874 - April, 1880
PM Predecessors:	The Earl of Derby William Ewart Gladstone
PM Successor:	William Ewart Gladstone
Date of Birth:	21 December 1804
Place of Birth:	London
Political Party:	Conservative

Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (December 21, 1804 - April 19, 1881), the son of Isaac D'Israeli, was a British politician and author who entered Parliament in 1837 as Tory MP for Maidstone, after four unsuccessful campaigns for a seat in the House of Commons, the first time as a Radical. In 1842 Disraeli was amongst the founders of the Young England group.

He was Britain's first, and thus far only, Jewish Prime Minister. He was born to a Jewish family and baptized a Christian, but nevertheless continued to think of himself a Jew. He was once attacked for being Jewish by the Irish nationalist politician Daniel O'Connell, to whom he replied:

"Yes, I am a Jew and when the ancestors of the right honourable gentleman were brutal savages in an unknown island, mine were priests in the temple of Solomon."

Queen Victoria once asked him, "Mr. Disraeli, what is your real religion? You were born a Jew and you forsook your great people Now you are a member of the Church of England, but no one believes that you are a Christian at heart. Please tell me, who are you and what are you?" To which Disraeli is famously said to have replied, "Your Majesty, I am the blank page between the Old Testament and the New."

Having been lionized as a writer of romantic fiction long before he entered politics, Disraeli continued for a time to dress as extravagantly in the House of Commons as he had before. In Parliament, Disraeli became known for his defense of the Corn Laws, in opposition to fellow Tory Sir Robert Peel's advocacy to repeal the laws, which Disraeli denounced as "laissez-faire capitalism".

Disraeli would lose the fight -- the repeal of the Corn Laws came at great political cost to the split Tory party. But Peel's betrayal of conservative ideology would cost him the ministry, and Disraeli would rise to fill the leadership void Peel's fall left in the Tory party.

In 1852 Lord Derby appointed Disraeli Chancellor of the Exchequer in the (in)famous Who? Who? Ministry. Disraeli's duel with William Gladstone over the Budget marked the beginning of thirty years of parliamentary hostility. Disraeli served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the 1858 and 1867-68 Tory governments. He supported the Reform Act of 1867, which enfranchised every adult male householder; before this legislation, a tiny proportion of the population was entitled to vote. In 1868 he became Prime Minister, but only briefly; he became Prime Minister again in 1874. In 1876 he was made Earl of Beaconsfield by Queen Victoria.

Although he had had several notorious affairs, in his youth, he was ostentatiously faithful and attentive to his wife: Disraeli married, in 1839, the widow of his political colleague. Mary Anne Lewis was some twelve years older than he and a self-proclaimed flibbertigibbet.

Known to his friends as Dizzy, Disraeli himself had a fine, if wry, sense of humor and enjoyed the ambiguities of the English language. When an aspiring writer would send Disraeli an uninteresting manuscript to review, he liked to reply, "Dear Sir: I thank you for sending me a copy of your book, which I shall waste no time in reading." Disraeli's own novels have fallen out of literary fashion, but even those he came to regard as youthful follies are witty, racy chronicles of the age, and the mature works Coningsby (1844), Sybil (1845) and Tancred also contain an entertaining exposition in fiction of Disraeli's political philosophy.

Disraeli is buried in Hughenden, Buckinghamshire. The anniversary of his death on 19th April is known as Primrose Day.

Benjamin Disraeli's First Government, February - December 1868

• Benjamin Disraeli - First Lord of the Treasury
• Lord Cairns - Lord Chancellor
• The Duke of Marlborough - Lord President of the Council
• Lord Malmesbury - Lord Privy Seal
• Gathorne Hardy - Secretary of State for the Home Department
• Lord Stanley - Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
• The Duke of Buckingham - Secretary of State for the Colonies
• Sir John Pakington - Secretary of State for War
• Sir Stafford Northcote - Secretary of State for India
• Henry Thomas Lowry-Corry - First Lord of the Admiralty
• George Ward Hunt - Chancellor of the Exchequer
• The Duke of Richmond - President of the Board of Trade
• Lord John Manners - First Commissioner of Works
• Lord Mayo - Chief Secretary for Ireland
• Spencer Horatio Walpole - Minister without Portfolio

Changes

• September, 1868 - Lord Mayo resigns as Irish Secretary. His successor is not in the Cabinet.

Benjamin Disraeli's (Earl of Beaconsfield's) Second Government, February 1874 - April 1880

• Benjamin Disraeli (Earl of Beaconsfield from 1876) - First Lord of the Treasury
• Lord Cairns - Lord Chancellor
• Duke of Richmond - Lord President of the Council
• Lord Malmesbury - Lord Privy Seal
• Richard Assheton Cross - Secretary of State for the Home Department
• Lord Derby - Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
• Lord Carnarvon - Secretary of State for the Colonies
• Gathorne Hardy - Secretary of State for War
• Marquess of Salisbury - Secretary of State for India
• George Ward Hunt - First Lord of the Admiralty
• Sir Stafford Northcote - Chancellor of the Exchequer
• Lord John Manners - Postmaster-General

Changes

• August, 1876 - Lord Beaconsfield succeeds Malmesbury as Lord Privy Seal, while remaining First Lord of the Treasury
• August, 1877 - William Henry Smith succeeds Hunt at the Admiralty. Sir Michael Hicks Beach, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, enters the Cabinet.
• February, 1878 - Sir Michael Hicks Beach succeeds Lord Carnarvon as Colonial Secretary. Hicks Beach's successor as Irish Secretary is not in the Cabinet.
• April, 1878 - Lord Salisbury succeeds Lord Derby as Foreign Secretary. Lord Cranbrook (previously Gathorne Hardy) succeeds Salisbury as Secretary for India. Sir Frederick Stanley succeeds Cranbrook as Secretary for War. Viscount Sandon, the President of the Board of Trade, enters the Cabinet.

Fiction

The works marked with (e-book) are freely available in electronical form from Project Gutenberg; follow the link to retrieve them:

• Vivian Grey (1826; e-book (http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/9840))
• Popanilla (1827; e-book (http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/7816))
• The Young Duke (1831)
• Contarini Fleming (1832)
• Alroy (1833)
• The Infernal Marriage (1834)
• Ixion in Heaven (1834)
• The Rise of Iskander (1834; e-book (http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/7842))
• Henrietta Temple (1837)
• Venetia (1837)
• Coningsby, or the Younger Generation (1844; e-book (http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/7412))
• Sybil or, The Two Nations (1845; e-book (http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/3760))
• Tancred, or the New Crusade (1847)
• Lothair (1870; e-book (http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/7835))
• Endymion (1880; e-book (http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/7926))
• Falconet (unfinished 1881)
• Count Alarcos (e-book (http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/7487))

Biographies of Disraeli

• Robert Blake, Disraeli [1966]
• Sarah Bradford, Disraeli [1982]
• Christopher Hibbert, Disraeli and his World [1978]
• André Maurois, Disraeli [1927]
• Hesketh Pearson, Dizzy[1951]
• Stanley Weintraub, Disraeli [1993]

Films about Disraeli

• Disraeli (1929) George Arliss (Best Actor Oscar), Joan Bennett
• Disraeli (1978) Ian McShane, Mary Peach -- Masterpiece Theatre 4-part series

Quotes

• Mark Twain claimed that Disraeli originated the phrase, "Lies, damned lies, and statistics", but it is unclear if this is actually one of his inventions (it was first popularized in Twain's autobiography, though attributed to Disraeli there); most who try to pin it down do award it to the prime minister.
• "Your Majesty, I am the blank page between the Old Testament and the New."

External links

• Wikiquote - Quotations from Benjamin Disraeli (http://quote.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli)
• Project Gutenberg e-texts of works by Benjamin Disraeli (http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/author?name=Disraeli,%20Benjamin)